{"product_id":"magna-five-forces-analysis","title":"Magna International Porter's Five Forces Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGo Beyond the Preview—Access the Full Strategic Report\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagna International faces intense buyer pressure, moderate supplier influence, and evolving threats from EV-focused entrants and technological substitutes, while rivalry remains high due to scale-driven OEM relationships and margin compression.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis brief snapshot only scratches the surface. Unlock the full Porter's Five Forces Analysis to explore Magna International’s competitive dynamics, market pressures, and strategic advantages in detail.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003euppliers Bargaining Power\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRaw Material Price Volatility\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRaw material price volatility remains a key supplier threat to Magna International; steel, aluminum and resins accounted for roughly 28% of COGS in 2024 and steel futures spiked 18% in H2 2025, squeezing margins before index-linked contracts repriced orders.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagna uses index-based pricing to shift some risk, but typical repricing lags of 60–120 days expose EBITDA to swings — 2025 YTD input cost inflation lifted material spend by ~6–9% versus 2024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe shift to green steel and certified low-carbon alloys adds premiums of 10–30% from specialized producers, raising procurement complexity and bargaining pressure on Magna’s supplier negotiations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSemiconductor and Electronic Component Dependency\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite supply-chain gains, rising ADAS and EV complexity keeps chipmakers' leverage high: high-performance processors and sensors come from a few specialized vendors, so suppliers sustained premium pricing—TSMC and NXP captured ~45% of relevant market segments in 2024, letting them prioritize large-volume buyers across autos and consumer electronics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnergy Costs and Sustainability Mandates\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuppliers of energy-intensive parts have gained leverage as oil and gas volatility pushed industrial electricity costs up ~12% globally in 2023–24 and carbon pricing spread to 35 jurisdictions by 2025. Magna’s carbon-neutral supply-chain pledge for 2030 narrows eligible vendors, concentrating spend: 20–30% of suppliers must meet green-certification thresholds, so compliant firms can demand long-term contracts and 5–12% premium pricing for verified low‑carbon inputs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpecialized Labor and Technical Talent\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe shift to software-defined vehicles raises supplier power: specialized engineering and software firms command higher rates as Magna embeds digital architectures across modules, increasing spend on external talent from an estimated 12–18% of R\u0026amp;D in 2024 to higher shares in upcoming programs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh demand for scarce high-tech talent across auto and tech sectors lets suppliers press for favorable contracts, longer minimums, and price premiums, squeezing margins unless Magna vertically integrates or secures long-term partnerships.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2024: global automotive software market ≈ $53B, growing ~12% CAGR\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpecialized talent premiums: 20–40% above traditional engineering rates\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagna R\u0026amp;D outsourcing share: ~12–18% in recent programs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLogistics and Tier 2 Integration\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagna’s global footprint relies on Tier 2\/3 suppliers for critical sub-components in just-in-time production; in 2024 roughly 28% of parts spend flowed to these smaller suppliers, raising disruption risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegional logistics hub issues or insolvency among sub-suppliers can create temporary supplier leverage, as a day of assembly-line downtime can cost automakers $20–50m; Magna sometimes provides working capital or engineering support to secure supply.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagna reported supplier support programs totaling about $350m in 2023–24 to stabilise key Tier 2\/3 partners and reduce lead-time volatility.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e28% of parts spend to Tier 2\/3 (2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e$20–50m estimated daily assembly-line outage cost\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e$350m supplier support (2023–24)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSuppliers Squeeze Margins: Materials, Chips \u0026amp; Talent Concentrate Risk\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuppliers hold moderate-to-high power: raw materials (28% of COGS in 2024) and green-steel premiums (10–30%) squeeze margins; chip and sensor vendors (TSMC, NXP ~45% share in key segments 2024) and scarce software talent (specialist premiums 20–40%) drive pricing leverage; Magna’s $350m supplier support (2023–24) and 28% Tier2\/3 spend mitigate but concentrate risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMaterials %COGS (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e28%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGreen-steel premium\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10–30%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eChip\/vendor share (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~45%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSupplier support (2023–24)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$350m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTier2\/3 spend (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e28%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCustomized Porter’s Five Forces assessment of Magna International that pinpoints competitive intensity, supplier and buyer bargaining power, threat of substitutes and new entrants, and highlights disruptive trends and strategic levers affecting profitability and market positioning.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcise Porter's Five Forces snapshot for Magna International—quickly gauge supplier, buyer, rivalry, entrant, and substitute pressures to streamline strategic choices and investor briefings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eustomers Bargaining Power\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHigh Concentration of Global OEMs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe automotive market is dominated by a few massive OEMs—Ford Motor Company, General Motors Company, and Volkswagen AG—who together represented roughly 20–30% of Magna International Inc.’s revenue in recent years (Magna reported US$37.7bn revenue in 2024), giving these customers strong negotiating leverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcentration lets OEMs push strict cost-reduction targets and annual productivity give-backs as contract terms, often cutting supplier margins by low-single-digit percentage points each year.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagna’s dependence on large OEMs raises revenue volatility and forces continuous capital investment to meet OEM efficiency and quality standards.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eShift Toward In-House EV Development\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cpas oems like volkswagen and tesla expand in-house e-drive battery work aiming for vertical integration by producing\u003e50% of drivetrain components—Magna faces increased buyer power; OEMs can credibly shift volumes away, pressuring margins. Magna must offer differentiated e-axles and integrated systems to keep share; the risk of in-housing forces price reductions and shorter contracts, lowering annualized selling prices by an estimated 5–8% in competitive bids.\n\u003c\/pas\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLow Switching Costs for Standard Components\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor commodity parts like basic stampings and standard seating frames, OEMs can switch suppliers easily, keeping customer bargaining power high and price sensitivity strong; in 2024, industry data shows multi-sourcing at \u0026gt;60% for such components. Magna must continually innovate and cut costs to retain preferred status, which limits pricing power in legacy segments where margins fell ~120 bps to 7.4% in 2024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStringent Quality and ESG Requirements\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cpmajor oems enforced stricter esg rules by with of global light-vehicle platforms requiring supplier-scoped scope emissions data and demanding audited labor standards failing suppliers risk de-sourcing.\u003e\n\u003cpmagna must spend roughly million annually on compliance systems audits and reporting to retain access high-volume platforms avoid revenue loss from oem churn.\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e75% of platforms require supplier Scope 3 data\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e60% demand audited labor standards\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEstimated $150–250M\/yr Magna compliance spend\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNoncompliance leads to de-sourcing risk\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/pmagna\u003e\u003c\/pmajor\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eContract Manufacturing Vulnerability\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagna Steyr depends heavily on contracts with a few OEMs—BMW and Mercedes-Benz account for about 60% of its 2024 assembly revenue—so an OEM shifting production to an underused plant can cut high-margin volume and revenue sharply.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis specialized assembly model gives those OEMs strong leverage in renewals and pricing; Magna reported EBIT margin pressure in 2024 when a single client reduced volumes by ~15%.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh customer concentration: ~60% revenue from BMW\/Mercedes (2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClient volume shift risk: single-client cut ~15% (2024 impact)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegotiation leverage: OEMs can demand lower prices\/terms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMargin sensitivity: assembly is higher-margin than commodity parts\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOEMs Squeeze Magna: In‑housing, ESG Costs Cut Margins ~5–8% on $37.7B Revenue\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge OEMs (Ford, GM, VW) drive strong buyer power, supplying 20–30% of Magna’s revenue (Magna revenue US$37.7bn in 2024). OEMs press annual cost give-backs, push in-housing (VW 60% vertical integration target 2025; Tesla \u0026gt;50% drivetrain in‑house), and enforce ESG\/supply audits, raising compliance costs (~$150–250M\/yr) and shortening contracts, which squeezes margins by ~5–8% in competitive e-drive bids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue (2024–25)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMagna revenue\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUS$37.7bn (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOEM share\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20–30% per major OEM\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCompliance spend\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$150–250M\/yr\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIn-housing impact\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePrice pressure 5–8%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003eWhat You See Is What You Get\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMagna International Porter's Five Forces Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis preview shows the exact Porter’s Five Forces analysis of Magna International you'll receive—no mockups, no placeholders—fully formatted and ready for immediate download upon purchase.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"MatrixBCG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56747300487545,"sku":"magna-five-forces-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0911\/3554\/1625\/files\/magna-five-forces-analysis.png?v=1772197319","url":"https:\/\/growthsharematrix.com\/products\/magna-five-forces-analysis","provider":"Growth Share Matrix","version":"1.0","type":"link"}